Izinto zokuPakisha zokuQinisekisa kunye noPhando loVavanyo lokuhambelana

Ngokuphucuka okukhawulezayo kwemigangatho yokuphila kwabantu, ishishini lezithambiso laseTshayina liyakhula. Namhlanje, iqela le "ingredient party" liyaqhubeka lisanda, izithako zezithambiso zibonakala ngokucacileyo, kwaye ukhuseleko lwazo luye lwaba yingqwalasela yabathengi. Ukongeza kukhuseleko lwezithako zokuthambisa ngokwazo, izinto zokupakisha zihambelana ngokusondeleyo kumgangatho wezinto zokuthambisa. Ngelixa ukupakishwa kwezithambiso kudlala indima yokuhombisa, injongo yayo ebaluleke ngakumbi kukukhusela izimonyo kwiingozi zomzimba, iikhemikhali, iintsholongwane kunye nezinye iingozi. Khetha ukupakishwa okufanelekileyo Umgangatho wezithambiso unokuqinisekiswa. Nangona kunjalo, ukhuseleko lwempahla yokupakisha ngokwayo kunye nokuhambelana kwayo kunye nezithambiso kufuneka kwakhona kume uvavanyo. Okwangoku, kukho imigangatho embalwa yokuvavanya kunye nemimiselo efanelekileyo yezinto zokupakisha kwintsimi ye-cosmetic. Ukufumanisa izinto ezinobuthi kunye nezinobungozi kwizinto zokupakisha izimonyo, eyona nto ibhekiselele kwimimiselo echaphazelekayo kwintsimi yokutya kunye neyeza. Ngokwesiseko sokushwankathela ukuhlelwa kwezinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokupakisha izinto zokuthambisa, eli phepha lihlalutya izithako ezingakhuselekanga ezinokubakho kwizinto zokupakisha, kunye novavanyo lokuhambelana kwezinto zokupakisha xa zidibana nezithambiso, ezibonelela ngesikhokelo esithile sokhetho kunye nokhuseleko. ukuvavanywa kwezinto zokupakisha zokuthambisa. ibhekisele ku. Okwangoku, kwintsimi yezinto zokupakisha izithambiso kunye novavanyo lwabo, ezinye izinyithi ezinzima kunye nezongezo ezinobuthi neziyingozi zivavanywa ikakhulu. Ekuvavanyeni ukuhambelana kwezinto zokupakisha kunye nezithambiso, ukufuduka kwezinto ezinobuthi kunye nezinobungozi kumxholo wezinto zokuthambisa ziqwalaselwa ngokukodwa.

1. Iindidi zezinto zokupakisha ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwizinto zokuthambisa

Okwangoku, izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokupakisha izinto zokuthambisa ziquka iglasi, iplastiki, isinyithi, i-ceramic njalo njalo. Ukukhetha ukupakishwa kwezithambiso kumisela imarike yayo kunye nebakala kwinqanaba elithile. Izixhobo zokupakisha zeglasi iseyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokuthambisa yomgangatho ophezulu ngenxa yenkangeleko eqaqambileyo. Izinto zokupakisha zeplastiki zonyuse isabelo sazo semakethi yempahla yokupakisha unyaka nonyaka ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezomeleleyo nezihlala ixesha elide. Ukungangeni moya kusetyenziswa ikakhulu kwizitshizi. Njengohlobo olutsha lwezinto zokupakisha, izinto ze-ceramic zingena ngokuthe ngcembe kwimarike yempahla yokupakisha ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphezulu kunye neempawu zokuhlobisa.

1.1Iiglasis

Izinto zeglasi ziyingxenye yeklasi ye-amorphous inorganic non-metallic materials, ene-inertness ephezulu yeekhemikhali, akukho lula ukusabela ngezithako zokuthambisa, kwaye inokhuseleko oluphezulu. Ngexesha elifanayo, baneempawu eziphezulu zokuthintela kwaye akulula ukungena. Ukongeza, uninzi lwezixhobo zeglasi ziyabonakala kwaye zibukeka zintle, kwaye ziphantse zabekwa bodwa kwibala lezinto zokuthambisa eziphezulu kunye neziqholo. Iindidi zeglasi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwipakethe yokuthambisa yiglasi ye-soda lime silicate kunye neglasi ye-borosilicate. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imilo kunye nokuyila kolu hlobo lwezinto zokupakisha zilula. Ukuze wenze kube nemibala, ezinye izinto zingongezwa ukuze zibonakale ngemibala eyahlukeneyo, njengokufaka i-Cr2O3 kunye ne-Fe2O3 ukwenza iglasi ibonakale iluhlaza njenge-emerald, ukongeza i-Cu2O ukuyenza ibomvu, kunye nokongeza i-CdO ukuyenza ibonakale iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. . Ukukhanya okutyheli, njl.njl. Ngokujonga ukubunjwa okulula kwezixhobo zokupakisha zeglasi kwaye akukho zongezo ezigqithisileyo, ubhaqo lwentsimbi enzima kuphela ludla ngokuqhutywa ekubhaqweni kwezinto eziyingozi kwizixhobo zokupakisha zeglasi. Nangona kunjalo, akukho migangatho ifanelekileyo isekiweyo yokufunyanwa kwesinyithi esinzima kwiglasi yokupakisha izinto zokuthambisa, kodwa ilothe, i-cadmium, i-arsenic, i-antimony, njl. njl. yezinto zokupakisha zokuthambisa. Ngokubanzi, izinto zokupakisha zeglasi zikhuselekile, kodwa isicelo sabo sineengxaki ezithile, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokuthutha. Ukongezelela, kwimbono yezinto zokupakisha zeglasi ngokwayo, ivakalelwa kakhulu kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi. Xa i-cosmetic ithuthwa ukusuka kwindawo yokushisa ephezulu ukuya kwindawo yokushisa ephantsi, izinto zokupakisha zeglasi zilungele ukukhenkceza kunye nezinye iingxaki.

1.2Iplastiki

Njengenye into esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukupakisha izinto zokuthambisa, iplastiki ineempawu zokunganyangeki kweekhemikhali, ubunzima obulula, ukuqina kunye nombala olula. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zokupakisha zeglasi, uyilo lwezixhobo zokupakisha zeplastiki zihluke ngakumbi, kwaye izitayile ezahlukeneyo zinokuyilwa ngokweemeko ezahlukeneyo zesicelo. Iiplastiki ezisetyenziswa njengezinto zokupakisha zokuthambisa kwimarike ikakhulu ziquka i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), i-polyethylene terephthalate (PET), i-styrene-acrylonitrile polymer (AS), i-polyparaphenylene Ethylene glycol dicarboxylate-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (i-acrylic), , i-acrylonitrile-butadiene [1] i-styrene terpolymer (ABS), njl., phakathi kwayo i-PE, PP, PET, AS, PETG inokuqhagamshelana ngqo neziqulatho zezithambiso. I-acrylic eyaziwa ngokuba yi-plexiglass inokugqithwa okuphezulu kunye nenkangeleko enhle, kodwa ayikwazi ukuqhagamshelana ngqo nemixholo. Idinga ukuxhotyiswa nge-liner ukuyivimba, kwaye kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukukhusela iziqulatho zokungena phakathi komgca kunye nebhotile ye-acrylic xa ugcwalisa. Ukuqhekeka kwenzeka. I-ABS yiplastiki yobunjineli kwaye ayinakuqhagamshelwana ngqo nezithambiso.

Nangona izinto zokupakisha zeplastiki zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi, ukwenzela ukuba kuphuculwe iplastiki kunye nokuqina kweeplastiki ngexesha lokucubungula, ezinye izongezo ezingenabuhlobo kwimpilo yabantu zidla ngokusetyenziswa, njengeplastiki, i-antioxidants, i-stabilizers, njl. ukhuseleko lwezixhobo zokupakisha zeplastiki zokuthambisa ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuvavanya kunye neendlela azikacetywanga ngokucacileyo. I-European Union kunye ne-United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ayifane ibandakanye ukuhlolwa kwezinto zokupakisha zokuthambisa. umgangatho. Ngoko ke, ukufumanisa izinto ezinobuthi kunye nezinobungozi kwizinto zokupakisha izimonyo, sinokufunda kwimimiselo efanelekileyo kwintsimi yokutya kunye namayeza. Iiplasticizers zephthalate ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziyakwazi ukufuduka kwizinto zokuthambisa ezinomxholo ophezulu weoli okanye umxholo we-solvent ephezulu, kwaye zinetyhefu yesibindi, i-toxicity yezintso, i-carcinogenicity, i-teratogenicity kunye netyhefu yokuzala. ilizwe lam lichaze ngokucacileyo ukufuduka kweplastiki enjalo kwindawo yokutya. Ngokutsho kwe-GB30604.30-2016 "Ukumiselwa kwe-Phthalates kwiMathiriyeli yoNxibelelwano lokuTya kunye neeMveliso kunye nokuQiniseka kokufuduka" Ukufuduka kwe-diallyl formate kufuneka kube ngaphantsi kwe-0.01mg / kg, kwaye ukufuduka kwezinye iiplastiki ze-phthalic acid kufuneka zibe ngaphantsi kwe-0.1mg /ikg. I-Butylated hydroxyanisole yiklasi ye-2B ye-carcinogen ebhengezwe yi-World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer njenge-antioxidant ekusetyenzweni kweeplastiki ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi uvakalise ukuba umda wayo wokuthatha imihla ngemihla ngu-500μg / kg. ilizwe lam lichaza kwi-GB31604.30-2016 ukuba ukufuduka kwe-tert-butyl hydroxyanisole kwi-package yeplastiki kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-30mg / kg. Ukongezelela, i-EU ineemfuno ezihambelanayo zokufuduka kwe-agent yokuthintela ukukhanya i-benzophenone (BP), ekufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-0.6 mg / kg, kunye nokufuduka kwe-hydroxytoluene (BHT) i-antioxidants kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-3 mg / kg. Ukongeza kwizongezo ezikhankanywe ngasentla ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezinto zokupakisha zeplastiki ezinokubangela iingozi zokhuseleko xa zidibana nezithambiso, ezinye ii-monomers eziseleyo, i-oligomers kunye ne-solvents nazo zingabangela iingozi, ezifana ne-terephthalic acid, i-styrene, i-chlorine ethylene. , epoxy resin, terephthalate oligomer, acetone, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, njl. njl Kwizinto ezinyibilikayo ezishiyekileyo, urhulumente uye wachaza ngokucacileyo kummandla weemathiriyeli zokupakisha zamayeza, oko kukuthi, isixa esipheleleyo seentsalela ze-solvent asiyi kuba ngaphezu kwe-5.0mg/m2, kwaye akukho zinyibilikisi ezise-benzene okanye ze-benzene aziyi kubonwa.

1.3 Isinyithi

Okwangoku, izinto zokupakisha zetsimbi ziyi-aluminiyam kunye nentsimbi, kwaye zimbalwa kwaye zincinci izitya zetsimbi ezicocekileyo. Izixhobo zokupakisha zetsimbi zithatha phantse yonke indawo yezithambiso zokutshiza ngenxa yezibonelelo zokutywinwa kakuhle, iipropathi ezilungileyo zesithintelo, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe, ukucinezelwa, kunye nokukwazi ukongeza ii-boosters. Ukongezwa kwe-booster kunokwenza izithambiso ezifafaziweyo zibe zi-atom, ziphucule umphumo wokufunxa, kwaye zibe nemvakalelo epholileyo, enika abantu imvakalelo yokuthoba kunye nokuvuselela ulusu, olungafezekiswanga ngezinye izinto zokupakisha. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zokupakisha zeplastiki, izinto zokupakisha zesinyithi zineengozi ezimbalwa zokhuseleko kwaye zikhuselekile noko, kodwa kusenokubakho ukunyibilika kwesinyithi esiyingozi kunye nokubola kwezinto zokuthambisa kunye nezixhobo zetsimbi.

1.4 I-Ceramic

IiCeramics zazalelwa kwaye zaphuhliswa kwilizwe lam, zidumileyo phesheya, kwaye zinexabiso elikhulu lokuhombisa. Njengeglasi, zezezinto ze-inorganic non-metallic. Zinozinzo oluhle lweekhemikhali, zixhathisa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali, kwaye zinobunzima obuhle kunye nokuqina. Ukumelana nobushushu, akukho lula ukwaphula kubanda kakhulu kunye nobushushu, yinto enokubakho kakhulu yokupakisha izinto zokuthambisa. Izinto zokupakisha ze-ceramic ngokwazo zikhuselekile kakhulu, kodwa kukwakho nezinye izinto ezingakhuselekanga, ezinje nge lead ezinokuthi zingeniswe ngexesha le-sintering ukuze kuncitshiswe iqondo lobushushu le-sintering, kunye neepigments zetsimbi ezimelana nobushushu obuphezulu bokushisa zingaziswa ukuze kuphuculwe i-aesthetics. ye-ceramic glaze, njenge-cadmium sulfide, i-lead oxide, i-chromium oxide, i-manganese nitrate, njl. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, iintsimbi ezinzima kwezi pigments. inokufudukela kumxholo we-cosmetic, ngoko ke ukufunyanwa kwesinyithi esinzima sokuchithwa kwizinto zokupakisha ze-ceramic akunakuhoywa.

2. Ukupakisha uvavanyo lokuhambelana kwezinto

Ukuhambelana kuthetha ukuba "ukunxibelelana kwenkqubo yokupakisha kunye neziqulatho akwanelanga ukwenza utshintsho olungamkelekanga kumxholo okanye ukupakisha". Uvavanyo lokuhambelana yindlela esebenzayo yokuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lwezithambiso. Ayinxulumene kuphela nokhuseleko lwabathengi, kodwa kunye nodumo kunye nophuhliso lwamathemba enkampani. Njengenkqubo ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni izimonyo, kufuneka ihlolwe ngokungqongqo. Nangona uvavanyo lungenako ukuphepha zonke iingxaki zokhuseleko, ukusilela kuvavanyo kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo zokhuseleko. Ukupakishwa kokuvavanywa kokuhambelana kwezinto akunakushiywa kuphando lwezithambiso kunye nophuhliso. Uvavanyo lokuhambelana kwezinto zokupakisha lunokwahlulwa lube ngamacandelo amabini: ukuvavanywa kokuhambelana kwezinto zokupakisha kunye neziqulatho, kunye nokucutshungulwa kwesibini kwezinto zokupakisha kunye nokuvavanywa kokuhambelana kokuqulathiweyo.

2.1Uvavanyo lokuhambelana kwezinto zokupakisha kunye neziqulatho

Uvavanyo lokuhambelana kwezinto zokupakisha kunye neziqulatho ikakhulu kubandakanya ukuhambelana komzimba, ukuhambelana kweekhemikhali kunye nokuhambelana kwebhayoloji. Phakathi kwabo, uvavanyo lokuhambelana ngokomzimba lulula. Iphanda ikakhulu ukuba ngaba iziqulatho kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha ezinxulumene nazo ziya kutshintshela emzimbeni xa zigcinwe phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu, ubushushu obuphantsi kunye neemeko zobushushu obuqhelekileyo, ezifana ne-adsorption, infiltration, precipitation, cracks kunye nezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga. Nangona izinto zokupakisha ezifana neekeramics kunye neeplastiki zihlala zinyamezela kakuhle kunye nokuzinza, kukho izinto ezininzi ezifana ne-adsorption kunye nokungena ngaphakathi. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuphanda ukuhambelana ngokomzimba kwezinto zokupakisha kunye neziqulatho. Ukuhambelana kweMichiza kuhlola ubukhulu becala ukuba ngaba iziqulatho kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha ezinxulumene nazo ziya kutshintsha iikhemikhali xa zigcinwe phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu, ubushushu obuphantsi kunye neemeko zobushushu obuqhelekileyo, njengokuthi iziqulatho zineziganeko ezingaqhelekanga ezinje ngombala, ivumba, utshintsho lwe-pH, kunye ne-delamination. Kuvavanyo lwe-biocompatibility, ikakhulu ukufuduka kwezinto ezinobungozi kwizinto zokupakisha ukuya kwiziqulatho. Ukusuka kuhlalutyo lwendlela, ukufuduka kwezi zinto ezinobuthi kunye nezinobungozi ngenxa yobukho be-concentration gradient kwelinye icala, oko kukuthi, kukho i-concentration gradient enkulu kwi-interface phakathi kwezinto zokupakisha kunye nomxholo we-cosmetic; Isebenzisana nezinto zokupakisha, kwaye ide ingene kwizinto zokupakisha kwaye ibangele ukuba izinto ezinobungozi zichithwe. Ngoko ke, kwimeko yoqhagamshelwano lwexesha elide phakathi kwezinto zokupakisha kunye nezithambiso, izinto ezinobuthi kunye nezinobungozi kwizinto zokupakisha zinokuthi zifuduke. Ukulawulwa kwesinyithi esinzima kwizinto zokupakisha, i-GB9685-2016 iZinto zoNxibelelwano lokuTya kunye neMigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwezongezo zeMveliso ichaza isinyithi esinzima (1mg / kg), i-antimony (0.05mg / kg), i-zinc (20mg / kg) kunye ne-arsenic ( 1mg/kg). kg), ukufunyanwa kwezinto zokupakisha zokuthambisa kunokubhekisa kwimimiselo kwindawo yokutya. Ukufunyaniswa kwesinyithi esinzima ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha i-atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively edityaniswe kwi-plasma mass spectrometry, i-atomic fluorescence spectrometry njalo njalo. Ngesiqhelo ezi plasticizers, Antioxidants kunye nezinye izongezo zinendawo ephantsi, kwaye ubhaqo kufuneka lufikelele kubhaqo oluphantsi kakhulu okanye umda wobungakanani (µg/L okanye mg/L). Qhubeka njalo njalo. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke izinto eziphumayo eziya kuba nefuthe elibi kwizithambiso. Ngethuba nje inani lezinto ezikhuphayo lihambelana nemimiselo yesizwe echaphazelekayo kunye nemigangatho yovavanyo efanelekileyo kwaye ayinabungozi kubasebenzisi, ezi zinto ezikhuphayo zihambelana ngokuqhelekileyo.

2.2 Ukusetyenzwa okwesibini kwezinto zokupakisha kunye novavanyo lokuhambelana nomxholo

Uvavanyo lokuhambelana kwenkqubo yesibini yezinto zokupakisha kunye neziqulatho ngokuqhelekileyo zibhekisela ekulungelelaniseni umbala kunye nenkqubo yokushicilela yezinto zokupakisha kunye neziqulatho. Inkqubo yombala wezinto zokupakisha ikakhulu ibandakanya i-aluminium anodized, i-electroplating, ukutshiza, ukuzoba igolide kunye nesilivere, i-oxidation yesibini, umbala wokubumba inaliti, njl. njl ushicilelo, ushicilelo lwe-offset, njl. njl izinto zokupakisha, kwaye emva koko ubeke isampuli phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu, ubushushu obuphantsi kunye neemeko zeqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo kwixesha elide okanye elifutshane lokuzama ukuhambelana. Iimpawu zokuvavanya ubukhulu becala ukuba imbonakalo yezinto zokupakisha ziqhekekile, zikhubazekile, ziphelile, njl. Ukongeza, kuba kuya kubakho izinto ezinobungozi kwimpilo yabantu kwi-inki, i-inki kumxholo wangaphakathi wezinto zokupakisha ngexesha lokupakisha. processing yesibini. Ukufuduka kwizinto eziphathekayo kufuneka kwakhona kuphandwe.

3. Isishwankathelo kunye ne-Outlook

Eli phepha libonelela ngoncedo oluthile lokukhethwa kwezinto zokupakisha ngokushwankathela izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokupakisha izithambiso kunye nezinto ezinokubakho ezingakhuselekanga. Ukongeza, ibonelela ngereferensi ethile yokusetyenziswa kwezinto zokupakisha ngokushwankathela uvavanyo lokuhambelana kwezinto zokuthambisa kunye nezinto zokupakisha. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku kukho imimiselo embalwa efanelekileyo yezinto zokupakisha zokuthambisa, kuphela "IiNgcaciso zezoBugcisa boKhuseleko lweCosmetic" (ushicilelo lwe-2015) luchaza ukuba "izinto zokupakisha ezinxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo ne-cosmetics ziya kukhuseleka, aziyi kuba nefuthe lekhemikhali kunye nezithambiso, kwaye ziya ungafuduki okanye ukhululwe emzimbeni womntu. Izinto eziyingozi neziyityhefu”. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba kukufumanisa izinto ezinobungozi kwipakethe ngokwayo okanye uvavanyo lokuhambelana, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwezithambiso. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lokupakishwa kwezithambiso, ukongeza kwimfuno yokomeleza ukubekwa kweliso ngamasebe kazwelonke afanelekileyo, iinkampani zezithambiso kufuneka ziqulunqe imigangatho ehambelanayo ukuyivavanya, abavelisi bezinto zokupakisha kufuneka balawule ngokungqongqo ukusetyenziswa kwezongezo ezinobuthi neziyingozi. inkqubo yokuvelisa izinto zokupakisha. Kukholelwa ukuba phantsi kophando oluqhubekayo kwizinto zokupakisha izimonyo ngamasebe karhulumente kunye namasebe afanelekileyo, umgangatho wokuvavanya ukhuseleko kunye nokuvavanya ukuhambelana kwezinto zokupakisha izithambiso kuya kuqhubeka nokuphucula, kwaye ukhuseleko lwabathengi abasebenzisa izimonyo luya kuqinisekiswa ngakumbi.